Kotter's eight-step model includes which of the following steps?

• A. Create urgency, form guiding coalition, develop vision, communicate, empower action, generate quick wins, consolidate gains, anchor changes.
• B. Deliberate and document risks, assess impact, assign sponsors, execute.
• C. Identify stakeholders, draft plan, seek approvals, implement.
• D. Establish metrics, monitor progress, adjust course, celebrate.

Answer: (A)

Kotter's model for leading organizational change emphasizes a clear sequence: create urgency to spark attention and action, form a guiding coalition to lead the effort, develop a vision and strategy to direct the change, communicate that vision to mobilize broad support, empower people to act by removing obstacles, generate visible short-term wins to build momentum, consolidate gains to drive more change, and anchor the new approaches in the culture so they endure. The option that lists these exact steps in that order matches Kotter's eight-step process, reflecting both the content and the progression from initiating change to sustaining it. The other options describe activities like risk assessment and sponsorship, general planning and approvals, or monitoring and celebrating without capturing the full Kotter sequence or the consolidation and anchoring phases.